Eruptions that shook the world
Figures
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
3.1. Pinatubo on 12 June, 1991. Credit: Rick Hobblitt, CVO/USGS. | ![]() |
3.2. 15–16 June 1991 Pinatubo eruption. Credit: Rick Holasek. | ![]() |
3.3. Sulphur dioxide and sulphuric acid in the Pinatubo cloud. |
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3.4. Pinatubo dust seen on from the Space Shuttle. Credit: NASA-JSC. | ![]() |
3.5. Temperature anomalies for the lower troposphere after Pinatubo. Data from Remote Sensing Systems. | ![]() |
Chapter 4
4.1. Pyroclastic current deposits on Lipari, Italy. | ![]() |
4.2. Isopach maps for the Ilopango eruption in El Salvador (dashed lines) and 84,000-year-old Los Chocoyos eruption, Guatemala. Credit: Steffen Kutterolf. | ![]() |
4.3. Correlation of tephra layer from two lake sediment cores. Credit: Christine Lane. | ![]() |
4.4. Fallout from the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption in a core from Lago Grande di Monticchio [44]. Credit: Sabine Wulf. | ![]() |
4.5. Electrical conductivity measurements of a Greenland ice core. Credit: Jørgen Peder Steffensen. | ![]() |
4.6. Volcanic sulphur emissions to the stratosphere from 501–2000 CE. Data here. | ![]() |
4.7. Sulphate concentration in an ice core from Greenland. Based on data in [53]. | ![]() |
4.8. Bristlecone pines. | ![]() |
4.9. Volcanic forcing of climate revealed in tree rings. Credit: Mike Baillie. | ![]() |
4.10. Summer temperature anomalies. Credit: NOAA/NGDC. | ![]() |
4.11 Hemisphere temperature anomalies based on tree rings. Courtesy of Keith Briffa. |
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Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
7.1. Nabro volcano in Eritrea. | ![]() |
7.2. Ice-core derived temperature anomalies for Antarctica. Source: NOAA. | ![]() |
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
11.1. Mosaic from San Vitale, Ravenna. | ![]() |
11.2. Flagellants. From the chronicle of Aegidius Li Muisis (1272–1327). | ![]() |
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1. One of Hokusai’s Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji (circa 1827). | ![]() |
Figure 14.2. Aerial view of the Neapolitan region. | ![]() |
Figure 14.3. Herculaneum. | ![]() |
Appendix A: The 25 largest documented Holocene eruptions (magnitude Me of 6.5 and above)
See also the Smithsonian Institution’s Global Volcanism Program database.