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Effects of volcanoes in the atmosphere

Volcanoes affect atmospheric processes in various ways:

While strong explosive eruptions may influence climate for years (The influence of large volcanic eruptions on stratospheric circulation and trace gas concentration), quasi permanent degassing and small eruptions are an important factor for atmospheric chemistry.

Selected Publications:

• Graf, H.-F.; I. Kirchner; A. Robock and I. Schult, 1993: Pinatubo eruption winter climate effects: Model versus observation. Climate Dynamics 9, 81-93
• Graf, H.-F.; J. Perlwitz and I. Kirchner, 1994: Northern hemisphere tropospheric midlatitude circulation after violent volcanic eruptions. Contr. Atmos. Physics, 67, 1, 3-13
• Ulbrich, U.; H.-F. Graf and I. Kirchner, 1995: The impact of El Nino- and volcanic forcing on the atmospheric energy cycle and the zonal mean atmospheric circulation. Contr. Atmos. Phys. 68, 59-74
• Kirchner, I. and H.-F. Graf, 1995: Volcanos and El Nino - Signal Separation in winter. Climate Dynamics 11, 341-358
• Denhard, M., Graf, H.-F., Kirchner,I., Schönwiese,Ch.-D, 1996: Volcanic and El Nino signal separation in GCM simulations with neural networks. Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 69, 1996, 285-296
• Graf, H.-F. and B. Langmann,, 1996: Sulfur emissions from Mt. Etna and the impact on the European atmosphere sulfur budget. in: Borrell, P.M., Borrell, P., Cvitas, T., Kelly, K., Seiler, W. (eds.), Proceedings EUROTRAC '96, ed. P.M. Borrell et al., Computational Mechanics Publications, Southhampton, 1996, pp. 7-11.1-11.5
• Graf, H.-F.; I. Kirchner and I. Schult, 1996: Modelling Mt. Pinatubo Climate Effects, in: The Mount Pinatubo Eruption: Effects on the Atmosphere and Climate", Eds. G. Fiocco, D. Fua, and G. Visconti, NATO ASI series I, global environmental change: v. 42, Springer Berlin Heidelberg NewYork, 1996 , 219-232
• H.-F. Graf, J. Feichter,and B. Langmann, 1997: Volcanic degassing: Contribution to global sulphate burden and climate. Journ. Geophys. Res., 102, 107227-10738
• Graf, H.-F., B. Langmann, and J. Feichter, 1998: The contribution of Earth degassing to the atmospheric sulfur budget. Chemical Geology, 147, 131-145
• Stenchikov, G.L., I. Kirchner, A. Robock, H.-F. Graf, J.C. Antuna, R. Grainger, A. Lambert, and L. Thomason, 1998: Radiative forcing from the 1991 Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption., Journ. Geophys. Res., 103, 13,837-13,857
• Timmreck, C., H.-F. Graf, and J. Feichter, 1999: Simulation of Mt. Pinatubo aerosol with the Hamburg climate model ECHAM4. Theor. and Appl. Clim. 62, No. 3-4, 85-109
• Timmreck, C., H.-F. Graf, I. Kirchner, 1999: A one and a half year interactive simulation of Mt. Pinatubo aerosol. Journ. Geophys. Res., 104, 9337-9369
• Kirchner, I., G.L. Stenchikov, H.-F. Graf, A. Robock, and J.C. Antuna, 1999: Climate model simulation of winter warming and summer cooling following the 1991 Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption, Journ. Geophys. Res.,104,19,039-19,055.
• Timmreck, C. and H.-F. Graf, 2000: A microphysical model for simulation of stratospheric aerosol in a climate model. Meteorol. Z., 9, 263-282
• Textor, C., P. M. Sachs, Hans-F. Graf, T.M. Hansteen, 2003: The fate of sulphur and halogen gases in a plinian volcanic plume similar to the Laacher See eruption 12900 a BP in: Volcanic degassing, C. Oppenheimer, D. Pyle, and D.M. Barclay (eds), Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 213, 307-328
• Textor, Christiane; Graf, Hans-F.; Herzog, Michael; Oberhuber, J. M., 2003: Injection of gases into the stratosphere by explosive volcanic eruptions. J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 108, No. D19, 4606 10.1029/2002JD002987, 09 October 2003
• Timmreck, C., H.-F. Graf and B. Steil (2003), Aerosol chemistry interactions after the Mt. Pinatubo eruption, in: Volcanism and the Earth's Atmosphere, eds. A. Robock and C. Oppenheimer, AGU Monograph, 139, p 213-225.
• Textor, C., H.-F. Graf, C. Timmreck, and A. Robock: Emissions from volcanoes, in C. Granier, P. Artaxo, C. E. Reeves (eds.), Emissions of Atmospheric Trace Compounds, Advances in Global Change Research, 18, pp. 269-303, 2004.
• Pfeffer, M.A., B. Langmann, and H.-F. Graf, Atmospheric transport and deposition of Indonesian volcanic emissions, Atmos Cehem Physics Discussions, 5, 11861-11897, 2005 www.atmos-chem-phys.org/acpd/5/11861/, SRef-ID: 1680-7375/acpd/2005-5-11861
• Timmreck, C., and H.-F. Graf, The initial dispersal and radiative forcing of a Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude super volcano: a model study, Atmos Chem Physics, 6, Page(s) 35-49., 2006, SRef-ID: 1680-7324/acp/2006-6-35 117.
• Textor, C., H.-F. Graf, A. Longo, A. Neri, T.E. Ongaro, P. Papale, C. Timmreck, and G.G.J. Ernst, 2005: Numerical simulation of explosive volcanic eruptions from the conduit flow to global atmospheric effects. Annals of Geophysics,48,4/5, 817-842, 2005